An autonomous car.

Levels of autonomy

Self-driving cars are classified into levels (0-5) by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).

    * Level 0-2         Driver assistance

    * Level 3            Conditional automation (car drives but may need human intervention).

    * Level 4            High automation (fully autonomous in specific conditions).

    * Level 5            Full automation (no human input needed, no steering wheel).

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Locate the vehicle by using satellites to triangulate its position. Although GPS has improved since the 2000s, it is only accurate within several metres.

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)

A 360-degree sensor that uses light beams to determine the distances between the obstacles and the sensor.

Ultrasonic Sensors

Provide short distance data that are typically used in parking assistance systems and backup warning systems.

Cameras

Frequently used inexpensive technology, however, complex algorithms are necessary to interpret the image data collected.

Radio Detection and Ranging Radar

A sensor that uses radio waves to determine the distance between obstacles and the sensor.

Infrared sensors

Allow for the detection of lane markings, pedestrians and bicycles that are hard for other sensors to detect in low lighting and certain environmental conditions.

Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)

Typically used in combination with GPS to improve accuracy. INS uses gyroscopes and accelerometers to determine vehicle position, orientation and velocity.

Dedicated Short-range Communication (DSRC)

While (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) systems to send and receive critical data such as road conditions, congestion, crashes and possible rerouting. DSRC enables platooning, a train of vehicles that collectively travel together.

Prebuilt Maps

At times used to correct inaccurate positioning due to errors that can occur when using GPS and INS. Given the constraints of mapping every road and drivable surface, relying on maps limits the routes an AV can take.

My take

Driving is gonna get exciting as times advance.

Tailpiece

Got up at our usual time, the chores and we opened up the house for the day.

Walked within the house due to rain.

The maid was at work.

A quiet Friday.